Restoration of a pdn connection at pgw failure

ABSTRACT

A method of operation of a cellular communications system is disclosed. The method comprises: at a MME: receiving an attach request from a UE; sending a location update request to a HSS; receiving a location update acknowledgement; sending, to a DNS, a DNS query request comprising an APN FQDN; receiving a DNS query response comprising information that indicates candidate PGWs that satisfy the DNS query request and at least two PGWs belonging to a same PGW set; selecting the first PGW; sending, to a SGW, a first create session request that comprises information that indicates the first PGW; receiving a first create session response; sending an attach accept to the UE; and at the SGW: receiving the first create session request from the MME; forwarding the first create session request to the first PGW; receiving the first create session response; and forwarding the first create session response to the MME.

BACKGROUND

Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features, and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.

In Release 16, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has further broadened the use of the Network Function Set concept to be applicable for all types of Network Functions (NFs) in the Fifth Generation (5G) Core (5GC), e.g. several Session Management Functions (SMFs) can form an SMF Set.

The following is a list of definitions from 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 23.501 (see, e.g., V15.5.1) related to NF service, NF service set, and NF set:

-   -   NF instance: an identifiable instance of the NF.     -   NF service: a functionality exposed by a NF through a service         based interface and consumed by other authorized NFs.     -   NF service instance: an identifiable instance of the NF service.     -   NF service operation: An elementary unit a NF service is         composed of.     -   NF Service Set: A group of interchangeable NF service instances         of the same service type within an NF instance. The NF service         instances in the same NF Service Set have access to the same         context data.     -   NF Set: A group of interchangeable NF instances of the same         type, supporting the same services and the same Network         Slice(s). The NF instances in the same NF Set may be         geographically distributed but have access to the same context         data.

As specified in section 5.21.3.1 of 3GPP TS 23.501, a NF instance can be deployed such that several NF instances are present within an NF Set to provide distribution, redundancy, and scalability together as a set of NF instances. If so, a NF can be replaced by an alternative NF within the same NF Set in case of scenarios such as failure, load balancing, load re-balancing. So, for example, another SMF can take over a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Session which was handled by the SMF pertaining to the same SMF set.

FIG. 1

In order to support the mobility between Fourth Generation (4G) and 5G, a combined Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (PGW) and SMF is required. This is illustrated in FIG. 4.3.1-1 ( ) of 3GPP TS 23.501, which is reproduced herein as FIG. 1 .

FIGS. 2 and 3

Without the SMF Set concept, e.g. for Evolved Packet System (EPS) (see FIGS. 2 and 3 from 3GPP TS 23.401), when a PGW has failed i.e. without restart or has restarted, the PDN Connections which were handled by this PGW can NOT be retained. The Mobility Management Entity (MME) has to request User Equipments (UEs) to RE-ESTABLISH the affected PDN connections.

FIG. 4

FIG. 4 is a reproduction of FIG. 4.2.1-1 from 3GPP TS 23.214 and describes the network scenario where the control plane and user plane are separated. In this present disclosure, only PGW Control Plane (PGW-C) failure is addressed. The user plane path, from the Operator's Internet Protocol (IP) services over SGi, PGW User Plane (PGW-U), SGW User Plane (SGW-U) and over S1-U to the evolved Node B (eNB) may be fine.

Nokia has raised an issue and proposed an enhancement the Change Request (CR) C4-204184, which is attached herein as Appendix A

Some further background information is as follows:

In regard to SMF or PGW set FQDN, 3GPP TS 23.003 (see, e.g., V16.3.0) defines SMF set FQDN in section 28.3.2.9 as follows:

28.3.2.9 SMF Set FQDN An SMF Set within an operator's network is identified by its NF Set ID as defined in clause 28.12, with NFType set to “smf”. For an SMF Set within an operator's PLMN, a subdomain name shall be derived from the MNC and MCC by adding the label “smfset” to the beginning of the Home Network Realm/Domain (see clause 28.2). The SMF Set FQDN shall be constructed as follows:  set<Set Id>.smfset.5gc.mnc<MNC>.mcc<MCC>.3gppnetwork.org where  - <MNC> = 3 digits  - <MCC> = 3 digits If there are only 2 significant digits in the MNC, one “0” digit shall be inserted at the left side to fill the 3 digits coding of MNC in the AMF Set FQDN.  - <Set Id> is the string representing the Set ID part within the NF Set ID defined in clause 28.12.  EXAMPLE:   “set12. smfset.5gc.mnc012.mcc345.3gppnetwork.org” (for the SMF set from MCC 345, MNC   12 and SetID “12”)  NOTE:  The labels preceding the “.3gppnetwork.org” domain correspond to the NF Set ID definition in  clause 28.12.

3GPP TS 23.003 (see, e.g., V16.3.0) defines NF Set Identifier (NF Set ID) in section 28.12 as follows:

28.12 NF Set Identifier (NF Set ID) A NF Set Identifier is a globally unique identifier of a set of equivalent and interchangeable CP NFs from a given network that provide distribution, redundancy and scalability (see clause 5.21.3 of 3GPP TS 23.501 [119]). An NF Set Identifier shall be constructed from the MCC, MNC, NID (for SNPN), NF type and a Set ID. A NF Set Identifier shall be formatted as the following string: set<Set ID>.<nftype>set.5gc.mnc<MNC>.mcc<MCC> for a NF Set in a PLMN, or set<Set ID>.<nftype>set.5gc.nid<NID>.mnc<MNC>.mcc<MCC> for a NF Set in a SNPN. where: - the <MCC> and <MNC> shall identify the PLMN of the NF Set and shall be encoded as follows: - <MCC> = 3 digits - <MNC> = 3 digits If there are only 2 significant digits in the MNC, one “0” digit shall be inserted at the left side to fill the 3 digits coding of MNC. - the Network Identifier (NID) shall be encoded as hexadecimal digits as specified in clause 12.7. - the <NFType> shall identify the NF type of the NFs within the NF set and shall be encoded as a value of Table 6.1.6.3.3-1 of 3GPP TS 29.510 [130] but with lower case characters; - the Set ID shall be a NF type specific Set ID within the PLMN, chosen by the operator, that shall consist of alphabetic characters (A-Z and a-z), digits (0-9) and/or the hyphen (-) and that shall end with either an alphabetic character or a digit; - the case of alphabetic characters is not significant (i.e. two NF Set IDs with the same characters but using different lower and upper cases identify the same NF Set). For an AMF set, the Set ID shall be set to “<AMF Set ID>.region<AMF Region ID>”, with the AMF Region ID and AMF Set ID encoded as defined in 3GPP TS 29.571 [129]. EXAMPLE 1: setxyz.smfset.5gc.mnc012.mcc345 EXAMPLE 2: set12.pcfset.5gc.mnc012.mcc345 EXAMPLE 3: set1.region48.amfset.5gc.mnc012.mcc345 (for AMF Region 48 (hexadecimal) and AMF Set 1) EXAMPLE 4: setxyz.smfset.5gc.nid000007ed9d5.mnc012.mcc345 for a SNPN with the NID 000007ed9d5 (hexadecimal). NOTE: If needed, an FQDN can be derived from a given NF Set ID by appending the “.3gppnetwork.org” domain to the NF Set ID, see e.g. SMF Set FQDN in clause 28.3.2.9. For NFs whose NF type contains an underscore and for which an FQDN needs to be derived, the underscore is replaced by an hyphen in the corresponding label of the FQDN. NF Instances of an NF Set are equivalent and share the same MCC, MNC, NID (for SNPN), NF type and NF Set ID.

3GPP TS 23.003 (see, e.g., V16.3.0) defines Service and Protocol service names for 3GPP in section 19.4.3 as follows:

19.4.3 Service and Protocol service names for 3GPP A list of standardized “service-parms” names is required to identify a “service” as defined in clause 6.5 of IETF RFC 3958 [74]. The following table defines the names to be used in the procedures specified in 3GPP TS 29.303 [73]: Table 19.4.3.1: List of ‘app-service’ and ‘app-protocol’ names IETF RFC 3958 clause 6.5 IETF RFC 3958 clause 6.5 Description ‘app-service’ name ‘app-protocol’ name PGW and interface x-3gpp-pgw x-s5-gtp, x-s5-pmip, types supported x-s8-gtp, x-s8-pmip, by the PGW x-s2a-pmip, x-s2a-mipv4, x-s2a-gtp, x-s2b-pmip, x-s2b-gtp, x-s2c-dsmip, x-gn, x-gp See NOTE. SGW and interface x-3gpp-sgw x-s5-gtp, x-s5-pmip, types supported x-s8-gtp, x-s8-pmip, by the SGW X-S11, x-s12, x-s4, x-s1-u, x-s2a-pmip, x-s2b-pmip See NOTE. GGSN x-3gpp-ggsn x-gn, x-gp See NOTE. SGSN x-3gpp-sgsn x-gn, x-gp, x-s4, x-s3, x-s16, x-sv, x-nqprime See NOTE. MME and interface x-3gpp-mme X-s10, x-s11, x-s3, x-s6a, x-s1-mme, types supported x-gn, x-gp, x-sv, x-nq by the MME See NOTE. MSC Server x-3gpp-msc X-sv UP function x-3gpp-upf x-sxa, x-sxb, x-sxc, x-n4 See NOTE. AMF x-3gpp-amf x-n2 x-n26 UCMF x-3gpp-ucmf x-urcmp x-n55 NOTE: When using Dedicated Core Networks, the character string “+ue-<ue usage type>” shall be appended to the ‘app-protocol’ name, for the interfaces applicable to Dedicated Core Networks, where <ue-usage-type>” contains one or more UE usage type values. See 3GPP TS 29.303 [73], 3GPP TS 29.272 [108] and 3GPP TS 29.273 [78]. Example: x-s5-gtp+ue-<ue usage type> If multiple UE usage type values are embedded in the “+ue-<ue usage type>”, they shall be separated by the symbol “.”, e.g. “+ue-1.3.4.20” as specified in IETF RFC 3958 [74]. To select a network node with a particular network capability needed, the character string “+nc-<network capability>” shall be appended to the ‘app-protocol’ name, where < network capability > contains one or more network capability of the node. See 3GPP TS 29.303 [73]. Example: x-s5-gtp+nc-<network capability> If multiple network capability of the node are embedded in the “+nc-<network capability>”, they shall be separated by the symbol “.”, e.g. “+nc-nr.smf”, as specified in IETF RFC 3958 [74]. To select a network node with a particular network capability needed within a certain Dedicated Core Networks, the character string “+nc-<network capability>” and “+ue-<ue usage type>” shall be appended to the ‘app-protocol’ name, where <ue usage type> contains one or more UE usage type values and the Example: x-s5-gtp+nc-<network capability>+ue-<ue usage type> or x-s5-gtp+ue-<ue usage type>+nc-<network capability> NOTE 1: The formats follow the experimental format as specified in IETF RFC 3958 [74]. For example, to find the S8 PMIP interfaces on a PGW the Service Parameter of “3gpp-pgw:x-s8-pmip” would be used as input in the procedures defined in IETF RFC 3958 [74]. NOTE 2: Currently ‘app-service’ names identify 3GPP node type and ‘app-protocol’ identify 3GPP interfaces, which differs from more common usage of S-NAPTR where app-protocol is used for transport protocol. Type of nodes (i.e PGW, SGW, SGSN, MME, MSC Server etc) and interfaces (i.e. S11, S5, S8, Sv, etc.) follow the standard names from 3GPP TS 23.401 [72], 3GPP TS 29.060 [6] and3GPP TS 23.216 [92] with prefix “x-” added. NOTE 3: x-gn denotes an intra-PLMN interface using GTPv1-C, x-gp denotes an inter-PLMN interface using GTPv1-C. NOTE 4: The app-service of x-3gpp-pgw with app-protocols x-gn or x-gp identifies the co-located GGSN function on a PGW. The app-service of x-3gpp-ggsn with app-protocols x-gn or x-gp identifies a GGSN function that is not co-located with a PGW. NOTE 5: The app-service of x-3gpp-msc with app-protocol x-sv identifies the MSC Sv interface service. NOTE 6: The app-service of x-3gpp-amf with app-protocol x-n2 identifies the AMF N2 interface service. The app-service of x-3gpp-amf with app-protocol x-n26 identifies the AMF N26 interface service.

SUMMARY

There currently exist certain challenge(s). The proposed solution as described in the Nokia CR (CR C4-204184) has the following drawbacks:

-   -   1. It requires an update in the DNS server to introduce a new         DNS record for PGW/SMF Set ID FQDN, so that the MME can run DNS         procedure to retrieve a list of alternative PGWs, this requires         additional DNS signaling procedure; (Author's comment. This         extra signaling. It is desirable to avoid such extra signaling.     -   2. After the MME selects an alternative PGW, the CR proposes         that the MME sends a Modify Bearer Request message. This has big         impacts on the existing MME/SGW implementation, where the Modify         Bearer Request can not include PGW's new F-TEID, the SGW         identifies the PDN connection using its own F-TEID on S11, and         the SGW finds the corresponding PGW F-TEID over S5/S8.         -   “The MME should then select an alternative PGW-C/SMF using             the PGW Set FQDN and send a Modify Bearer Request towards             the newly selected PGW-C/SMF via the SGW, including the UE's             identity (IMSI or IMEI if no IMSI is available) and the             Linked EPS Bearer Identity (identifying the default EPS             bearer identity of the PDN connection),”     -   3. The (new) PGW may update its PGW F-TEID using Update Bearer         Request message. This will impact both SGW and MME because they         have to store the information to be used later.

In summary, the proposed solution as described in the Nokia CR has some unnecessary impacts on the legacy SGW.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to the aforementioned or other challenges. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a new Doman Name Server (DNS) solution and some enhancements to the solution proposed in C4-204184 to enable restoration of the PDN connections when the serving PGW/SMF has failed while the failed PGW/SMF pertains to a PGW/SMF set.

The embodiments of the present disclosure described herein include either or both of the following two aspects:

-   -   A. new DNS solution, and     -   B. enhancements to the proposed solution (C4-204-184), each of         which is described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate various embodiments.

FIG. 1 illustrates a Non-roaming architecture for interworking between 5GS and EPC/E-UTRAN;

FIG. 2 illustrates a Non-roaming architecture for 3GPP access;

FIG. 3 illustrates a roaming architecture for 3GPP access;

FIG. 4 describes a network scenario where the control plane and user plane are separated;

FIG. 5 illustrates one example of a cellular communications system 500 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;

FIG. 6 illustrates one example of the cellular communications system 500 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate the operation of the cellular communications system 500 of FIGS. 5 and 6 in accordance with at least some aspects of Solutions A and B described herein;

FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate the operation of the cellular communications system 500 of FIGS. 5 and 6 in accordance with at least some aspects of Solutions A and B described herein;

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of a network node 900 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram that illustrates a virtualized embodiment of the network node 900 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram of the network node 900 according to some other embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A. Enhanced DNS Solution

Since the PGW/SMF pertaining to the same PGW/SMF set will have the same functionalities, the PDN connection created by any of these PGWs can be handover or served by any other PGW in the same PGW/SMF set. That means that, when the MME performs the DNS procedure to select a PGW, all PGWs in the same set will appear in the response message. In one embodiment, information is added in the PGW Name Authority Pointer (NAPTR) records in the DNS to enable the MME to know that these PGWs pertain to the same PGW set.

Hence, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, the PGW NAPTR record is enhanced, considering support of the NF set concept as a new network capability. In one example embodiment, “+nc-set<setId>” is appended to the “app-protocol” name as specified in 3GPP TS 23.003 (see, e.g., V16.3.0), clause 19.4.3, where the set<setId> is set to the first label of NF Set Id of a SMF set, as specified in clause 28.12 of 3GPP TS 23.003. In one embodiment, a completely new character string e.g. “+set-<setId>” is appended to the “app-protocol” name as specified in TS 23.003, clause 19.4.3.

For example, in one embodiment, the follow string is added into a PGW NAPTR record:

-   -   x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp+nc-set<setId>”,         “x-3gpp-pgw:x-s8-gtp+nc-set<setId>” or     -   x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp+set-<setId>”,         “x-3gpp-pgw:x-s8-gtp+set-<setId>”         In this example, the MME is trying to select a PGW for the         Access Point Name (APN) “imsTV1”. Therefore, the MME uses the         APN's Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) to perform a DNS query         for the NAPTR record of the PGW. Then, in the DNS server, it may         configure as below for PGW/SMFs pertaining to a PGW/SMF set.

imsTV1.apn ( ; IN NAPTR order pref. flag service  regexp replacement   IN NAPTR 100 999 “a”   “x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp+nc-set100:x-s8-gtp+nc-set100” “” topoff.vip1.gw01.nodes )   IN NAPTR 200 999 “a”   “x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp+nc-set100:x-s8-gtp+nc-set100” “” topoff.vip1.gw21.nodes ; ; In above example, both gw01 and gw21 are pertaining to (e.g., belong to) a set with setId=100.

In this example, the PGW/SMF SET FQDN will be

-   -   “set100.smfset.5gc.mnc012.mcc345”         The bolded +nc-set100, may use a new character string, e.g.         set-100, instead.

Note that, with Solution A, there will be even less SGW impact. The only impact is that the new PGW (taking over the old PGW) may still use Update Bearer Request message to inform the MME. See Enhancement 4 in Solution B below. While not essential for understanding the solutions described herein, the interested reader can also refer to 3GPP TS 29.303, clause 5.8.2 SGW, PGW and GGSN Selection Procedure.

B. Enhancements to the Proposed Solution of CR C4-204184

In some embodiments, systems and methods are disclosed herein that use one or more of the following enhancements to the solution described in CR C4-204184.

-   -   Enhancement 1: In the Create Session Response message sent from         the PGW, in addition to the PGW SET FQDN, the PGW may include a         list of alternative PGW IP Addresses to be used by the MME in         case the serving PGW has failed;     -   Enhancement 2: In addition to using PGW Restart Indication         message to notify the MME that PGW has restarted or has failed,         the MME can derive the PGW failure and re-select another         alternative PGW if it receives a GTPv2 cause #100 (See clause         8.4 of TS 29.274) “Remote peer not responding” from the SGW.         This is to solve the PGW partial failure.     -   Enhancement 3: When the MME has decided to reselect an         alternative PGW, the MME uses (e.g., always) a Create Session         Request message as in an SGW relocation procedure (as specified         in 5.10.4 in TS 23.401) instead of using a Modify Bearer Request         message. The MME sends the Create Session Request message with         new PGW F-TEID of the alternative PGW to a (new) SGW. If the         Create Session Request message was sent to the existing SGW, the         existing SGW should consider this as a colliding case, as         specified in 7.2.1 of TS 29.274 as below, but the SGW should         keep the same SGW-U tunnel over S1 (towards eNB) and over S5/S8         (towards PGW-U) to avoid the signaling towards the SGW-U         considering the remote S1 eNB GTP-U tunnel endpoint if available         and remote S5/S8 PGW-U GTP-U tunnel endpoint provided by the MME         in the Create Session Request message is the same as the         existing ones (since user plane path is not impacted).         -   If the new Create Session Request received by the SGW             collides with an existing active PDN connection context (the             existing PDN connection context is identified with the tuple             [IMSI, EPS Bearer ID], where IMSI shall be replaced by TAC             and SNR part of ME Identity for emergency or RLOS attached             UE without UICC or authenticated IMSI), this Create Session             Request shall be treated as a request for a new session.             Before creating the new session, the SGW should delete:             -   the existing PDN connection context locally, if the                 Create Session Request is received with the TEID set to                 zero in the header, or if it is received with a TEID not                 set to zero in the header and it collides with the                 default bearer of an existing PDN connection context;             -   the existing dedicated bearer context locally, if the                 Create Session Request collides with an existing                 dedicated bearer context and the message is received                 with a TEID not set to zero in the header.         -   In the former case, if the PGW S5/S8 IP address for control             plane received in the new Create Session Request is             different from the PGW S5/S8 IP address for control plane of             the existing PDN connection, the SGW should also delete the             existing PDN connection in the corresponding PGW by sending             a Delete Session Request message.             NOTE that, the MME need not immediately to send Create             Session Request message, e.g. for those UEs in idle mode.     -   Enhancement 4: When the failed PGW or a new PGW (taking over the         PDN connection) wants to update the PGW F-TEID for a given PDN         connection, it can send a Create/Update/Delete Bearer Request         message, but it does not require SGW to store the new PGW         F-TEID. Instead, the MME performs an SGW relocation procedure as         described in the Enhancement 3 using the new PGW F-TEID as         received in the Create/Update/Delete Bearer Request message.

There are, proposed herein, various embodiments which address one or more of the issues disclosed herein.

Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantage(s). Embodiments of the solutions described herein enable the restoration of PDN connection(s) at the failure of the serving PGW (of the said PDN connection(s)), where the embodiments of the solutions described herein have very few impact on the legacy system, e.g. in the MME and SGW.

Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

Radio Node: As used herein, a “radio node” is either a radio access node or a wireless communication device.

Radio Access Node: As used herein, a “radio access node” or “radio network node” or “radio access network node” is any node in a Radio Access Network (RAN) of a cellular communications network that operates to wirelessly transmit and/or receive signals. Some examples of a radio access node include, but are not limited to, a base station (e.g., a New Radio (NR) base station (gNB) in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Fifth Generation (5G) NR network or an enhanced or evolved Node B (eNB) in a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) network), a high-power or macro base station, a low-power base station (e.g., a micro base station, a pico base station, a home eNB, or the like), a relay node, a network node that implements part of the functionality of a base station (e.g., a network node that implements a gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) or a network node that implements a gNB Distributed Unit (gNB-DU)) or a network node that implements part of the functionality of some other type of radio access node.

Core Network Node: As used herein, a “core network node” is any type of node in a core network or any node that implements a core network function. Some examples of a core network node include, e.g., a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW), a Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF), a Home Subscriber Server (HSS), or the like. Some other examples of a core network node include a node implementing a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), a User Plane Function (UPF), a Session Management Function (SMF), an Authentication Server Function (AUSF), a Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF), a Network Exposure Function (NEF), a Network Function (NF) Repository Function (NRF), a Policy Control Function (PCF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), or the like.

Communication Device: As used herein, a “communication device” is any type of device that has access to an access network. Some examples of a communication device include, but are not limited to: mobile phone, smart phone, sensor device, meter, vehicle, household appliance, medical appliance, media player, camera, or any type of consumer electronic, for instance, but not limited to, a television, radio, lighting arrangement, tablet computer, laptop, or Personal Computer (PC). The communication device may be a portable, hand-held, computer-comprised, or vehicle-mounted mobile device, enabled to communicate voice and/or data via a wireless or wireline connection.

Wireless Communication Device: One type of communication device is a wireless communication device, which may be any type of wireless device that has access to (i.e., is served by) a wireless network (e.g., a cellular network). Some examples of a wireless communication device include, but are not limited to: a User Equipment device (UE) in a 3GPP network, a Machine Type Communication (MTC) device, and an Internet of Things (IoT) device. Such wireless communication devices may be, or may be integrated into, a mobile phone, smart phone, sensor device, meter, vehicle, household appliance, medical appliance, media player, camera, or any type of consumer electronic, for instance, but not limited to, a television, radio, lighting arrangement, tablet computer, laptop, or PC. The wireless communication device may be a portable, hand-held, computer-comprised, or vehicle-mounted mobile device, enabled to communicate voice and/or data via a wireless connection.

Network Node: As used herein, a “network node” is any node that is either part of the RAN or the core network of a cellular communications network/system.

Note that the description given herein focuses on a 3GPP cellular communications system and, as such, 3GPP terminology or terminology similar to 3GPP terminology is oftentimes used. However, the concepts disclosed herein are not limited to a 3GPP system.

Note that, in the description herein, reference may be made to the term “cell”; however, particularly with respect to 5G NR concepts, beams may be used instead of cells and, as such, it is important to note that the concepts described herein are equally applicable to both cells and beams.

FIG. 5

FIG. 5 illustrates one example of a cellular communications system 500 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. In the embodiments described herein, the cellular communications system 500 is a system that enables interworking between a 5G system (5GS) including a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) and a 5G Core (5GC) and an Evolved Packet System (EPS) including an Evolved Universal Terrestrial RAN (E-UTRAN) and a Evolved Packet Core (EPC). In this example, the RAN includes base stations 502-1 and 502-2, which in the NG-RAN include NR base stations (gNBs) and optionally next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs) (e.g., LTE RAN nodes connected to the 5GC) and in the E-UTRAN include eNBs, controlling corresponding (macro) cells 504-1 and 504-2. The base stations 502-1 and 502-2 are generally referred to herein collectively as base stations 502 and individually as base station 502. Likewise, the (macro) cells 504-1 and 504-2 are generally referred to herein collectively as (macro) cells 504 and individually as (macro) cell 504. The RAN may also include a number of low power nodes 506-1 through 506-4 controlling corresponding small cells 508-1 through 508-4. The low power nodes 506-1 through 506-4 can be small base stations (such as pico or femto base stations) or Remote Radio Heads (RRHs), or the like. Notably, while not illustrated, one or more of the small cells 508-1 through 508-4 may alternatively be provided by the base stations 502. The low power nodes 506-1 through 506-4 are generally referred to herein collectively as low power nodes 506 and individually as low power node 506. Likewise, the small cells 508-1 through 508-4 are generally referred to herein collectively as small cells 508 and individually as small cell 508. The cellular communications system 500 also includes a core network(s) 510, which in the 5G System (5GS) is referred to as the 5GC and in the EPS is referred to as the EPC. The base stations 502 (and optionally the low power nodes 506) are connected to the core network 510.

The base stations 502 and the low power nodes 506 provide service to wireless communication devices 512-1 through 512-5 in the corresponding cells 504 and 508. The wireless communication devices 512-1 through 512-5 are generally referred to herein collectively as wireless communication devices 512 and individually as wireless communication device 512. In the following description, the wireless communication devices 512 are oftentimes UEs, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

FIG. 6

FIG. 6 illustrates one example of the cellular communications system 500 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. In this example, the cellular communications system 500 includes both a 5GS and an EPS with interworking between the 5GS and EPS. As illustrated, in regard to the EPS, the cellular communications system 500 includes an E-UTRAN 600, which includes one or more base stations 502 that are, in this case, eNBs and a number of core network nodes of the EPC. As illustrated, the network nodes of the EPC include, in this example, an MME 602 and a SGW 604. In regard to the 5GS, the cellular communications system 500 includes a NG-RAN 606, which includes one or more base stations that are, in this case, gNBs or ng-eNBs and a number of NFs of the 5GC. As illustrated, the NFs include an AMF 608 and a PCF 610. In addition, to enable interworking between the 5GS and the EPS, the cellular communications system 500 includes a number of combined, or joint, NFs. The combined NFs include, in this example, a combined HSS and UDM 612 (also referred to herein as HSS+UDM 612 or HSS/UDM 612), a combined SMF and PGW-C 614 (also referred to herein as a SMF+PGW-C 614 or SMF/PGW-C 614), and a combined UPF and PGW-U 616 (also referred to herein as a UPF+PGW-U 616 or UPF/PGW-U 616). The cellular communications system 500, and in particular the MME 602, is able to communicate with a DNS 618 as described herein.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a new DNS solution and some enhancements to the solution proposed in C4-204184 to enable restoration of the PDN connections when the serving SMF/PGW-C has failed while the failed SMF/PGW-C belongs to a PGW/SMF-C set. The embodiments of the present disclosure described herein include either or both of the following two aspects:

-   -   A. new DNS solution, and     -   B. enhancements to the proposed solution (C4-204-184),         each of which is described below.

A. Enhanced DNS Solution

Since the SMF/PGW-C's (e.g., two or more instances of the SMF/PGW-C 614, which are denoted herein as SMF/PGW-C 614-1, 614-2, etc.) belonging to the same SMF/PGW-C set will have the same functionalities, the PDN connection created by any SMF/PGW-C 614-x in the same SMF/PGW-C set (which are sometimes referred to simply as “PGW-Cs” or “PGWs” when referring to EPS functionality) can be handed over or served by any other SMF/PGW-C 614-y in the same SMF/PGW-C set. That means that, when the MME 602 performs a DNS procedure to select a PGW (i.e., to select a SMF/PGW-C 614), all PGWs (i.e., all SMF/PGW-C's) in the same SMF/PGW-C set will appear in the DNS response message. In one embodiment, information is added in the PGW Name Authority Pointer (NAPTR) records in the DNS 618 to enable the MME 602 to know that these PGWs (i.e., SMF/PGW-C's) pertain to the same PGW set (i.e., the same SMF/PGW-C set).

Hence, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, the PGW NAPTR record for the SMF/PGW-C 614 is enhanced, considering support of the NF set concept as a new network capability. In one example embodiment, a string (e.g., “+nc-set<setId>”) is appended to the “app-protocol” name as specified in 3GPP TS 23.003 (see, e.g., V16.3.0), clause 19.4.3, where string indicates the NF Set ID. In one particular example described herein, the string appended to the “app-protocol” name is “+nc-set<setId>”, where the set<setId> is set to the first label of NF Set Id of a SMF set (i.e., a SMF/PGW-C set), as specified in clause 28.12 of 3GPP TS 23.003. Thus, in one embodiment, a completely new character string e.g. “+set-<setId>” is appended to the “app-protocol” name as specified in TS 23.003, clause 19.4.3.

For example, in one embodiment, the follow string is added into a PGW NAPTR record:

-   -   x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp+nc-set<setId>”,         “x-3gpp-pgw:x-s8-gtp+nc-set<setId>” or     -   x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp+set-<setId>”,         “x-3gpp-pgw:x-s8-gtp+set-<setId>”         As one example, consider a scenario in which the MME 602 is         trying to select a PGW for the Access Point Name (APN) “imsTV1”.         Therefore, the MME 602 uses the APN's Fully Qualified Domain         Name (FQDN) to perform a DNS query for the NAPTR record of the         PGW. Then, in the DNS 618, the PGW NAPTR record may be         configured as shown below for SMF/PGW-Cs 614 pertaining to a         PGW/SMF set that satisfies the DNS query.

imsTV1.apn ( ; IN NAPTR order pref. flag service  regexp replacement   IN NAPTR 100 999 “a”   “x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp+nc-set100:x-s8-gtp+nc-set100” “” topoff.vip1.gw01.nodes )   IN NAPTR 200 999 “a”   “x-3gpp-pgw:x-s5-gtp+nc-set100:x-s8-gtp+nc-set100” “” topoff.vip1.gw21.nodes ; ; In above example, both gw01 and gw21 are pertaining to (e.g., belong to) a set with setId=100. In this example, the PGW/SMF SET FQDN will be

-   -   “set100.smfset.5gc.mnc012.mcc345”         The bolded +nc-set100, may use a new character string, e.g.         set-100, instead.

Note that, with Solution A, there will be even less SGW impact. The only impact is that the new PGW (taking over the old PGW) may still use Update Bearer Request message to inform the MME. See Enhancement 4 in Solution B below. While not essential for understanding the solutions described herein, the interested reader can also refer to 3GPP TS 29.303, clause 5.8.2 SGW, PGW and GGSN Selection Procedure.

B. Enhancements to the Proposed Solution of CR C4-204184

In some embodiments, systems and methods are disclosed herein that use one or more of the following enhancements to the solution described in CR C4-204184.

-   -   Enhancement 1: In the Create Session Response message sent from         the PGW, in addition to the PGW SET FQDN, the PGW may include a         list of alternative PGW IP Addresses to be used by the MME in         case the serving PGW has failed;     -   Enhancement 2: In addition to using PGW Restart Indication         message to notify the MME that PGW has restarted or has failed,         the MME can derive the PGW failure and re-select another         alternative PGW if it receives a GTPv2 cause #100 (See clause         8.4 of TS 29.274) “Remote peer not responding” from the SGW.         This is to solve the PGW partial failure.     -   Enhancement 3: When the MME has decided to reselect an         alternative PGW, the MME uses (e.g., always) a Create Session         Request message as in an SGW relocation procedure (as specified         in 5.10.4 in TS 23.401) instead of using a Modify Bearer Request         message. The MME sends the Create Session Request message with         new PGW F-TEID of the alternative PGW to a (new) SGW. If the         Create Session Request message was sent to the existing SGW, the         existing SGW should consider this as a colliding case, as         specified in 7.2.1 of TS 29.274 as below, but the SGW should         keep the same SGW-U tunnel over S1 (towards eNB) and over S5/S8         (towards PGW-U) to avoid the signaling towards the SGW-U         considering the remote S1 eNB GTP-U tunnel endpoint if available         and remote S5/S8 PGW-U GTP-U tunnel endpoint provided by the MME         in the Create Session Request message is the same as the         existing ones (since user plane path is not impacted).         -   If the new Create Session Request received by the SGW             collides with an existing active PDN connection context (the             existing PDN connection context is identified with the tuple             [IMSI, EPS Bearer ID], where IMSI shall be replaced by TAC             and SNR part of ME Identity for emergency or RLOS attached             UE without UICC or authenticated IMSI), this Create Session             Request shall be treated as a request for a new session.             Before creating the new session, the SGW should delete:             -   the existing PDN connection context locally, if the                 Create Session Request is received with the TEID set to                 zero in the header, or if it is received with a TEID not                 set to zero in the header and it collides with the                 default bearer of an existing PDN connection context;             -   the existing dedicated bearer context locally, if the                 Create Session Request collides with an existing                 dedicated bearer context and the message is received                 with a TEID not set to zero in the header.         -   In the former case, if the PGW S5/S8 IP address for control             plane received in the new Create Session Request is             different from the PGW S5/S8 IP address for control plane of             the existing PDN connection, the SGW should also delete the             existing PDN connection in the corresponding PGW by sending             a Delete Session Request message.             NOTE that, the MME need not immediately to send Create             Session Request message, e.g. for those UEs in idle mode.     -   Enhancement 4: When the failed PGW or a new PGW (taking over the         PDN connection) wants to update the PGW F-TEID for a given PDN         connection, it can send a Create/Update/Delete Bearer Request         message, but it does not require SGW to store the new PGW         F-TEID. Instead, the MME performs an SGW relocation procedure as         described in the Enhancement 3 using the new PGW F-TEID as         received in the Create/Update/Delete Bearer Request message.

There are, proposed herein, various embodiments which address one or more of the issues disclosed herein.

Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantage(s). Embodiments of the solutions described herein enable the restoration of PDN connection(s) at the failure of the serving PGW (of the said PDN connection(s)), where the embodiments of the solutions described herein have very few impact on the legacy system, e.g. in the MME and SGW.

FIGS. 7A-7C

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate the operation of the cellular communications system 500 of FIGS. 5 and 6 in accordance with at least some aspects of Solutions A and B described above. Note that, in this example, there is a SMF/PGW-C set (also referred to herein as a PGW set) that includes two (or more) SMF/PGW-C instances, which are denoted here as SMF/PGW-C 614-1 and SMF/PGW-C 614-2. Further note that the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 and the SMF/PGW-C 614-2 are sometimes referred to as PGW-C's or PGWs when referring to the PGW-C/PGW functionality of the SMF/PGW-C's 614-1 and 614-2. FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate a first alternative that uses an enhanced NAPTR DNS record in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The steps of the process of FIGS. 7A-7C are as follows:

-   -   Step 700: The UE 512 sends an attach request to the MME 602 via         the E-UTRAN 600.     -   Step 702: The MME 602 sends an Update Location Request to the         HSS/UDM 612.     -   Step 704: The HSS/UDM 612 returns an Update Location         Acknowledgement to the MME 602.     -   Step 706: The MME 612 sends, to the DNS 618, a DNS Query Request         containing, in this example, an application string “APN FQDN”         (i.e., a DNS Query Request for the desired APN FQDN). The DNS         Query Request is for a NAPTR in this embodiment.     -   Step 708: The DNS server 618 sends, in response to the MME 602,         a DNS Query Response that includes information that identifies a         number of candidate PGWs (i.e., a number of candidate         SMF/PGW-C's 614) that satisfies the DNS Query Request of step         706. The DNS Query Response also includes information that         identifies two or more PGWs that belong to the same PGW set         (i.e., two or more SMF/PGW-C's that belong to the same SMF/PGW-C         set). In this example, the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 and the SMF/PGW-C         614-2 belong to the same set and are indicated as such. In this         particular example, the DNS Query Response includes NAPTR         information for the candidate PGWs. This NAPTR information         includes a string (e.g., “+nc-set<setId>”) is appended to the         “app-protocol” name as specified in 3GPP TS 23.003 (see, e.g.,         V16.3.0), clause 19.4.3, where string indicates the NF Set ID,         as described above. In one particular example described herein,         the string appended to the “app-protocol” name is         “+nc-set<setId>”, where the set<setId> is set to the first label         of NF Set Id of a SMF set (i.e., a SMF/PGW-C set), as specified         in clause 28.12 of 3GPP TS 23.003.     -   Step 710: The MME 612 selects, in this example, SMF/PGW-C 614-1         (also referred to as SMF/PGW-C 1 or PGW 1) from the candidates         identified in the DNS Query Response.     -   Step 712: The MME 612 sends a create session request to the SGW         604.     -   Step 714: The SGW 604 forwards the create session request to         SMF/PGW-C 614-1.     -   Step 716: The SMF/PGW-C 614-1 sends a create session response to         the SGW 604.     -   Step 718: The SGW 604 forwards the create session response to         the MME 602.     -   Step 720: The MME 602 sends an attach accept message to the UE         512.     -   Step 722: At some point, the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 fails.     -   Step 724: The SGW 604 detects the failure of the SMF/PGW-C         614-1.     -   Step 726: The SGW 604 sends a PGW restart notification to the         MME 602 in response to detecting the failure. In addition or         alternatively, the MME 602 can derive the PGW failure and         re-select another alternative PGW if it receives a GTPv2 cause         #100 (See clause 8.4 of TS 29.274) “Remote peer not responding”         from the SGW.     -   Step 728: The MME 602 sends, to the SGW 604 or a new SGW, a         create session request that contains the F-TEID of another         SMF/PGW-C in the same SMF/PGW-C set as the failed SMF/PGW-C         614-1, which in this example is the SMF/PGW-C 614-2, based on         the information contained in the DNS query response of step 708.         -   In one embodiment, when determining to reselect an             alternative SMF/PGW-C, the MME 602 uses Create Session             Request message as in an SGW relocation procedure (as             specified in 5.10.4 in TS 23.401) instead of using Modify             Bearer Request message. The MME 602 sends Create Session             Request message with new PGW F-TEID (of alternative PGW) to             a (new) SGW. In one embodiment, if the Create Session             Request message is sent to the existing SGW, the existing             SGW considers this as colliding case, as specified in 7.2.1             of TS 29.274 as below, but the SGW keeps the same SGW-U             tunnel over S1 (towards eNB) and over S5/S8 (towards PGW-U)             to avoid the signaling towards the SGW-U considering the             remote S1 eNB GTP-U tunnel endpoint if available and remote             S5/S8 PGW-U GTP-U tunnel endpoint provided by the MME 602 in             the Create Session Request message is the same as the             existing ones (since user plane path is not impacted.             -   “If the new Create Session Request received by the SGW                 collides with an existing active PDN connection context                 (the existing PDN connection context is identified with                 the tuple [IMSI, EPS Bearer ID], where IMSI shall be                 replaced by TAC and SNR part of ME Identity for                 emergency or RLOS attached UE without UICC or                 authenticated IMSI), this Create Session Request shall                 be treated as a request for a new session. Before                 creating the new session, the SGW should delete:                 -   the existing PDN connection context locally, if the                     Create Session Request is received with the TEID set                     to zero in the header, or if it is received with a                     TEID not set to zero in the header and it collides                     with the default bearer of an existing PDN                     connection context;                 -   the existing dedicated bearer context locally, if                     the Create Session Request collides with an existing                     dedicated bearer context and the message is received                     with a TEID not set to zero in the header.             -   In the former case, if the PGW S5/S8 IP address for                 control plane received in the new Create Session Request                 is different from the PGW S5/S8 IP address for control                 plane of the existing PDN connection, the SGW should                 also delete the existing PDN connection in the                 corresponding PGW by sending a Delete Session Request                 message.”             -   NOTE that, the MME need not immediately to send Create                 Session Request message, e.g. for those UEs in idle                 mode.     -   Step 730: The SGW 604 (or new SGW) sends a modify bearer request         to the SMF/PGW-C 614-2. This is done since the MME 602 triggers         SGW relocation procedure (see clause 5.10.4 of TS 23.401).     -   Step 730: The SMF/PGW-C 614-2 sends a modify bearer response to         the SGW 604 (or new SGW).     -   Step 732: The SGW 604 (or new SGW) sends a create session         response to the MME 602.     -   Step 734 (Optional): At some point, the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 is back         online (i.e., the failure is over) and wants to take over the         PDN connection. As such, the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 sends an update (or         create or delete) bearer request to the SGW 604 (or new SGW)         that contains the F-TEID of the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 and an         indication that it wants to take over the PDN connection.     -   Step 736 (Optional): The SGW 604 (or new SGW) forwards the         update (or create or delete) bearer request to the MME 602.     -   Step 738 (Optional): The MME 602 understands that the SMF/PGW-C         614-1 wants to take over the PDN connection. So, the MME 602         sends a create session request with the F-TEID of the SMF/PGW-C         614-1 (received in the update (or create or delete) bearer         request) and steps 728 through 734 are repeated.

FIGS. 8A-8C

FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate the operation of the cellular communications system 500 of FIGS. 5 and 6 in accordance with at least some aspects of Solutions A and B described above. Note that, in this example, there is a SMF/PGW-C set (also referred to herein as a PGW set) that includes two (or more) SMF/PGW-C instances, which are denoted here as SMF/PGW-C 614-1 and SMF/PGW-C 614-2. Further note that the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 and the SMF/PGW-C 614-2 are sometimes referred to as PGW-C's or PGWs when referring to the PGW-C/PGW functionality of the SMF/PGW-C's 614-1 and 614-2. FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate a second alternative that uses existing NAPTR DNS record in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The steps of the process of FIGS. 8A-8C are as follows:

-   -   Step 800: The UE 512 sends an attach request to the MME 602 via         the E-UTRAN 600.     -   Step 802: The MME 602 sends an Update Location Request to the         HSS/UDM 612.     -   Step 804: The HSS/UDM 612 returns an Update Location         Acknowledgement to the MME 602.     -   Step 806: The MME 602 sends, to the DNS 618, a DNS Query Request         containing, in this example, an application string “APN FQDN”         (i.e., a DNS Query Request for the desired APN FQDN). The DNS         Query Request is for a NAPTR in this embodiment.     -   Step 808: The DNS server 618 sends, in response to the MME 602,         a DNS Query Response that includes information that identifies a         number of candidate PGWs (i.e., a number of candidate         SMF/PGW-C's 614) that satisfies the DNS Query Request of step         806. In this embodiment, the DNS Query Response does not include         information about the NF set. In this particular example, the         DNS Query Response includes NAPTR information for the candidate         PGWs.     -   Step 810: The MME 602 selects, in this example, SMF/PGW-C 614-1         (also referred to as SMF/PGW-C 1 or PGW 1) from the candidates         identified in the DNS Query Response. However, unlike in the         embodiment of FIGS. 7A-7C, the MME 602 does not know that the         SMF/PGW-C 614-1 and the SMG/PGW-C 614-2 belong to the same         SMF/PGW-C set.     -   Step 812: The MME 602 sends a create session request to the SGW         604.     -   Step 814: The SGW 604 forwards the create session request to         SMF/PGW-C 614-1.     -   Step 816: The SMF/PGW-C 614-1 sends a create session response to         the SGW 604. In this embodiment, the create session response         includes 6a FQDN of the SMF/PGW-C set and a list of alternative         IP addresses of other SMF/PGW-C's in the same SMF/PGW-C set. In         this example, the list includes the IP address of the SMF/PGW-C         614-2.     -   Step 818: The SGW 604 forwards the create session response to         the MME 602.     -   Step 820: The MME 602 sends an attach accept message to the UE         512.     -   Step 822: At some point, the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 fails.     -   Step 824: The SGW 604 detects the failure of the SMF/PGW-C         614-1.     -   Step 826: The SGW 604 sends a PGW restart notification to the         MME 602 in response to detecting the failure. In addition or         alternatively, the MME 602 can derive the PGW failure and         re-select another alternative PGW if it receives a GTPv2 cause         #100 (See clause 8.4 of TS 29.274) “Remote peer not responding”         from the SGW.     -   Step 828: The MME 602 sends, to the SGW 604 or a new SGW, a         create session request that contains the F-TEID of another         SMF/PGW-C in the same SMF/PGW-C set as the failed SMF/PGW-C         614-1, which in this example is the SMF/PGW-C 614-2, based on         the list of alternative IP addresses received in step 818.8         -   In one embodiment, when determining to reselect an             alternative SMF/PGW-C, the MME 602 uses Create Session             Request message as in an SGW relocation procedure (as             specified in 5.10.4 in TS 23.401) instead of using Modify             Bearer Request message. The MME 602 sends Create Session             Request message with new PGW F-TEID (of alternative PGW) to             a (new) SGW. In one embodiment, if the Create Session             Request message is sent to the existing SGW, the existing             SGW considers this as colliding case, as specified in 7.2.1             of TS 29.274 as below, but the SGW keeps the same SGW-U             tunnel over S1 (towards eNB) and over S5/S8 (towards PGW-U)             to avoid the signaling towards the SGW-U considering the             remote S1 eNB GTP-U tunnel endpoint if available and remote             S5/S8 PGW-U GTP-U tunnel endpoint provided by the MME 602 in             the Create Session Request message is the same as the             existing ones (since user plane path is not impacted.             -   “If the new Create Session Request received by the SGW                 collides with an existing active PDN connection context                 (the existing PDN connection context is identified with                 the tuple [IMSI, EPS Bearer ID], where IMSI shall be                 replaced by TAC and SNR part of ME Identity for                 emergency or RLOS attached UE without UICC or                 authenticated IMSI), this Create Session Request shall                 be treated as a request for a new session. Before                 creating the new session, the SGW should delete:                 -   the existing PDN connection context locally, if the                     Create Session Request is received with the TEID set                     to zero in the header, or if it is received with a                     TEID not set to zero in the header and it collides                     with the default bearer of an existing PDN                     connection context;                 -   the existing dedicated bearer context locally, if                     the Create Session Request collides with an existing                     dedicated bearer context and the message is received                     with a TEID not set to zero in the header.             -   In the former case, if the PGW S5/S8 IP address for                 control plane received in the new Create Session Request                 is different from the PGW S5/S8 IP address for control                 plane of the existing PDN connection, the SGW should                 also delete the existing PDN connection in the                 corresponding PGW by sending a Delete Session Request                 message.”             -   NOTE that, the MME need not immediately to send Create                 Session Request message, e.g. for those UEs in idle                 mode.     -   Step 830: The SGW 604 (or new SGW) sends a modify bearer request         to the SMF/PGW-C 614-2. This is done since the MME 602 triggers         SGW relocation procedure (see clause 5.10.4 of TS 23.401).     -   Step 832: The SMF/PGW-C 614-2 sends a modify bearer response to         the SGW 604 (or new SGW).     -   Step 834: The SGW 604 (or new SGW) sends a create session         response to the MME 602.     -   Step 836 (Optional): At some point, the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 is back         online (i.e., the failure is over) and wants to take over the         PDN connection. As such, the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 sends an update         bearer request to the SGW 604 (or new SGW) that contains the         F-TEID of the SMF/PGW-C 614-1 and an indication that it wants to         take over the PDN connection.     -   Step 838 (Optional): The SGW 604 (or new SGW) forwards the         update bearer request to the MME 602.     -   Step 840 (Optional): The MME 602 understands that the SMF/PGW-C         614-1 wants to take over the PDN connection. So, the MME 602         sends a create session request with the F-TEID of the SMF/PGW-C         614-1 and steps 7828 through 7834 are repeated.

FIG. 9

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of a network node 900 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Optional features are represented by dashed boxes. The network node 900 may be, for example, a core network node (e.g., SMF/PGW-C 614, 614-1, or 614-2, MME 602, SGW 604, DNS 618, HSS/UDM 606, PCF 612, or a network node that performs all or at least some of the functionality of any such core network node as described herein). As illustrated, the network node 900 includes one or more processors 904 (e.g., Central Processing Units (CPUs), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and/or the like), memory 906, and a network interface 908. The one or more processors 904 are also referred to herein as processing circuitry. The one or more processors 904 operate to provide one or more functions of the network node 900 as described herein (e.g., one or more functions of SMF/PGW-C 614, 614-1, or 614-2, MME 602, SGW 604, DNS 618, HSS/UDM 606, or PCF 612, as described herein). In some embodiments, the function(s) are implemented in software that is stored, e.g., in the memory 906 and executed by the one or more processors 904.

FIG. 10

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram that illustrates a virtualized embodiment of the network node 900 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Again, optional features are represented by dashed boxes. As used herein, a “virtualized” network node is an implementation of the network node 900 in which at least a portion of the functionality of the network node 900 is implemented as a virtual component(s) (e.g., via a virtual machine(s) executing on a physical processing node(s) in a network(s)). As illustrated, in this example, the network node 900 includes one or more processing nodes 1000 coupled to or included as part of a network(s) 1002. Each processing node 1000 includes one or more processors 1004 (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, and/or the like), memory 1006, and a network interface 1008.

In this example, functions 1010 of the network node 900 described herein (e.g., one or more functions of SMF/PGW-C 614, 614-1, or 614-2, MME 602, SGW 604, DNS 618, HSS/UDM 606, or PCF 612, as described herein) are implemented at the one or more processing nodes 1000 or distributed across the two or more of the processing nodes 1000 in any desired manner. In some particular embodiments, some or all of the functions 1010 of the network node 900 described herein are implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in a virtual environment(s) hosted by the processing node(s) 1000.

In some embodiments, a computer program including instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to carry out the functionality of the network node 900 or a node (e.g., a processing node 1000) implementing one or more of the functions 1010 of the network node 900 in a virtual environment according to any of the embodiments described herein is provided. In some embodiments, a carrier comprising the aforementioned computer program product is provided. The carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, or a computer readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable medium such as memory).

FIG. 11

FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram of the network node 900 according to some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The network node 900 includes one or more modules 1100, each of which is implemented in software. The module(s) 1100 provide the functionality of the network node 900 described herein (e.g., one or more functions of SMF/PGW-C 614, 614-1, or 614-2, MME 602, SGW 604, DNS 618, HSS/UDM 606, or PCF 612, as described herein). This discussion is equally applicable to the processing node 1000 of FIG. 10 where the modules 1100 may be implemented at one of the processing nodes 1000 or distributed across multiple processing nodes 1000.

Some Embodiments

Some embodiments described above may be summarized in the following manner:

-   -   1. A method of operation of a cellular communications system         (500), the method comprising one or more of the following:         -   at a Mobility and Management Entity, MME, (602):             -   receiving (700) an attach request from a User Equipment,                 UE, (512);             -   sending (702) a location update request to a Home                 Subscriber Station, HSS, (606);             -   receiving (704) a location update acknowledgement from                 the HSS (606);             -   sending (706) a Domain Name Server, DNS, query request                 to a DNS (618), the DNS query comprising an Access Point                 Name, APN, Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN;             -   receiving (708) a DNS query response from the DNS (618),                 the DNS query response comprising information that:                 -   indicates a plurality of candidate Packet Gateways,                     PGWs, (614) that satisfy the DNS query request; and                 -   indicates at least two PGWs (614-1 and 614-2) belong                     to a same PGW set, the at least PGWs comprising a                     first PGW (614-1) and a second PGW (614-2);             -   selecting (710) the first PGW (614-1);             -   sending (712), to a Serving Gateway, SGW, (604), a first                 create session request that comprises information that                 indicates the first PGW (614-1);             -   receiving (718) a first create session response from the                 SGW (604);             -   sending (720) an attach accept to the UE (512); and         -   at the SGW (604):             -   receiving (712) the first create session request from                 the MME (602);             -   forwarding (714) the first create session request to the                 first PGW (614);             -   receiving (716) the first create session response from                 the first PGW (614); and             -   forwarding (718) the first create session response to                 the MME (602).     -   2. The method of embodiment 1 further comprising:         -   at the MME (602):             -   determining (726) that the first PGW (614-1) has failed;             -   responsive to determining (726) that the first PGW                 (614-1) has failed:                 -   sending (728) a second create session request to the                     SGW (604) or a new SGW, the second create session                     request comprising information that indicates the                     second PGW (614-2); and                 -   receiving (734) a second create session response                     from the SGW (604) or the new SGW;         -   at the SGW (604) or the new SGW:             -   receiving (728) the second create session request from                 the MME (602);             -   sending (730) a modify bearer request to the second PGW                 (614-2);             -   receiving (732) a modify fearer response from the second                 PGW (614-2); and             -   sending (734) the second create session response to the                 MME (602).     -   3. The method of embodiment 2 further comprising, at the SGW         (604):         -   detecting (724) that the first PGW (614-1) has failed; and         -   sending (726) a notification that the first PGW (614-1) has             failed to the MME (602).     -   4. The method of embodiment 2 or 3 wherein the SGW (602) to         which the second create session request is sent from the MME         (602) is the SGW (602) that received the first create session         request, and the SGW (602) keeps a same SGW-U tunnel over S1 and         over S5/S8.     -   5. The method of any of embodiments 2 to 4 wherein determining         (726) that the first PGW (614-1) has failed comprises either or         both of:         -   receiving (726) a restart notification from the SGW (602);         -   determining that the failure has occurred based on reception             of a GTPv2 cause #100 “Remote peer not responding” from the             SGW (602).     -   6. The method of any of embodiments 2 to 5 further comprising:         -   at the SGW (604) or the new SGW:             -   receiving (736) an create/update/delete bearer request                 from the first PGW (614-1), the create/update/delete                 bearer request comprising information that indicates                 that the first PGW (614-1) desires to take over the                 session for the wireless communication device (512); and             -   forwarding (738) the create/update/delete bearer request                 to the MME (602); and         -   at the MME (602):             -   receiving (738) the create/update/delete bearer request                 from the SGW (604) or the new SGW; and             -   sending (740) a third create session request to the SGW                 (604), the new SGW, or a further new SGW, the third                 create session request comprising information that                 indicates the first PGW (614-1).     -   7. The method of any of embodiments 1 to 6 wherein the DNS query         request is of a type NAPTR, and the information comprised in DNS         query response comprises NAPTR information that indicates the         plurality of candidate PGWs and the at least two candidate PGWs         that are in the same PGW set.     -   8. The method of embodiment 7 wherein the NAPTR information         comprises, for each of the at least two candidate PGWs that are         in the same PGW set, a string appended to the “app-protocol”         name, where the string indicates that the at least two candidate         PGWs are in the same PGW set.     -   9. The method of claim 8 wherein:         -   the at least two candidate PGWs (614-1, 614-2) that are in             the same PGW set are at least two candidate combined Session             Management Function, SMF, and Packet Gateway Control Plane,             PGW-C, instances;         -   the PGW set is a SMF/PGW-C set; and         -   the string comprises set<setId>, where the set<setId> is set             to a first label of a NF set ID of the SMF/PGW-C set.     -   10. A method of operation of a Mobility and Management Entity,         MME, (602) for a cellular communications system (500), the         method comprising one or more of the following:         -   receiving (700) an attach request from a User Equipment, UE,             (512);         -   sending (702) a location update request to a Home Subscriber             Station, HSS, (606);         -   receiving (704) a location update acknowledgement from the             HSS (606);         -   sending (706) a Domain Name Server, DNS, query request to a             DNS (618), the DNS query comprising an Access Point Name,             APN, Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN;         -   receiving (708) a DNS query response from the DNS (618), the             DNS query response comprising information that:             -   indicates a plurality of candidate Packet Gateways,                 PGWs, (614) that satisfy the DNS query request; and             -   indicates at least two PGWs (614-1 and 614-2) belong to                 a same PGW set, the at least PGWs comprising a first PGW                 (614-1) and a second PGW (614-2);         -   selecting (710) the first PGW (614-1);         -   sending (712), to a Serving Gateway, SGW, (604), a first             create session request that comprises information that             indicates the first PGW (614-1);         -   receiving (718) a first create session response from the SGW             (604);         -   sending (720) an attach accept to the UE (512).     -   11. The method of embodiment 10 further comprising:         -   determining (726) that the first PGW (614-1) has failed;         -   responsive to determining (726) that the first PGW (614-1)             has failed:             -   sending (728) a second create session request to the SGW                 (604) or a new SGW, the second create session request                 comprising information that indicates the second PGW                 (614-2); and             -   receiving (734) a second create session response from                 the SGW (604) or the new SGW.     -   12. The method of embodiment 11 wherein the SGW (602) to which         the second create session request is sent from the MME (602) is         the SGW (602) to which the first create session request is sent,         and the SGW (602) keeps a same SGW-U tunnel over S1 and over         S5/S8.     -   13. The method of embodiments 11 or 12 wherein determining (726)         that the first PGW (614-1) has failed comprises either or both         of:         -   receiving (726) a restart notification from the SGW (602);         -   determining that the failure has occurred based on reception             of a GTPv2 cause #100 “Remote peer not responding” from the             SGW (602).     -   14. The method of any of embodiments 11 to 13 further         comprising:         -   receiving (738) a create/update/delete bearer request from             the SGW (604) or the new SGW, the create/update/delete             bearer request comprising information that indicates that             the first PGW (614-1) desires to take over the session for             the wireless communication device (512); and         -   sending (740) a third create session request to the SGW             (604), the new SGW, or a further new SGW, the third create             session request comprising information that indicates the             first PGW (614-1).     -   15. The method of any of embodiments 10 to 14 wherein the DNS         query request is of a type NAPTR, and the information comprised         in DNS query response comprises NAPTR information that indicates         the plurality of candidate PGWs and the at least two candidate         PGWs that are in the same PGW set.     -   16. The method of embodiment 15 wherein the NAPTR information         comprises, for each of the at least two candidate PGWs that are         in the same PGW set, a string appended to the “app-protocol”         name, where the string indicates that the at least two candidate         PGWs are in the same PGW set.     -   17. The method of claim 16 wherein:         -   the at least two candidate PGWs (614-1, 614-2) that are in             the same PGW set are at least two candidate combined Session             Management Function, SMF, and Packet Gateway Control Plane,             PGW-C, instances;         -   the PGW set is a SMF/PGW-C set; and         -   the string comprises set<setId>, where the set<setId> is set             to a first label of a NF set ID of the SMF/PGW-C set.     -   18. A network node (900) adapted to perform the method of any of         embodiments 10 to 17.     -   19. A method of operation of a cellular communications system         (500), the method comprising one or more of the following:         -   at a Mobility and Management Entity, MME, (602):             -   receiving (800) an attach request from a User Equipment,                 UE, (512);             -   sending (802) a location update request to a Home                 Subscriber Station, HSS, (606);             -   receiving (804) a location update acknowledgement from                 the HSS (606);             -   sending (806) a Domain Name Server, DNS, query request                 to a DNS (618), the DNS query comprising an Access Point                 Name, APN, Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN;             -   receiving (808) a DNS query response from the DNS (618),                 the DNS query response comprising information that                 indicates a plurality of candidate Packet Gateways,                 PGWs, (614) that satisfy the DNS query request;             -   selecting (810) the first PGW (614-1);             -   sending (812), to a Serving Gateway, SGW, (604), a first                 create session request that comprises information that                 indicates the first PGW (614-1);             -   receiving (818) a first create session response from the                 SGW (604), the first create session response comprising                 one or more alternate Internet Protocol, IP, addresses                 for one or more other PGWs (614-2) in a same PGW set;             -   sending (820) an attach accept to the UE (512); and         -   at the SGW (604):             -   receiving (812) the first create session request from                 the MME (602);             -   forwarding (814) the first create session request to the                 first PGW (614);             -   receiving (816) the first create session response from                 the first PGW (614); and             -   forwarding (818) the first create session response to                 the MME (602).     -   20. The method of embodiment 19 further comprising:         -   at the MME (602):             -   determining (826) that the first PGW (614-1) has failed;             -   responsive to determining (826) that the first PGW                 (614-1) has failed:                 -   sending (8828) a second create session request to                     the SGW (604) or a new SGW, the second create                     session request comprising information that                     indicates the second PGW (614-2) (e.g., the IP                     address or F-TEID of the second PGW (614-2); and                 -   receiving (8834) a second create session response                     from the SGW (604) or the new SGW;         -   at the SGW (604) or the new SGW:             -   receiving (8828) the second create session request from                 the MME (602);             -   sending (8830) a modify bearer request to the second PGW                 (614-2);             -   receiving (8832) a modify fearer response from the                 second PGW (614-2); and             -   sending (8834) the second create session response to the                 MME (602).     -   21. The method of embodiment 20 further comprising, at the SGW         (604):         -   detecting (824) that the first PGW (614-1) has failed; and         -   sending (826) a notification that the first PGW (614-1) has             failed to the MME (602).     -   22. The method of embodiment 20 or 21 wherein the SGW (602) to         which the second create session request is sent from the MME         (602) is the SGW (602) that received the first create session         request, and the SGW (602) keeps a same SGW-U tunnel over S1 and         over S5/S8.     -   23. The method of any of embodiments 20 to 22 wherein         determining (726) that the first PGW (614-1) has failed         comprises either or both of:         -   receiving (826) a restart notification from the SGW (602);         -   determining that the failure has occurred based on reception             of a GTPv2 cause #100 “Remote peer not responding” from the             SGW (602).     -   24. The method of any of embodiments 20 to 23 further         comprising:         -   at the SGW (604) or the new SGW:             -   receiving (8836) an create/update/delete bearer request                 from the first PGW (614-1), the create/update/delete                 bearer request comprising information that indicates                 that the first PGW (614-1) desires to take over the                 session for the wireless communication device (512); and             -   forwarding (8838) the create/update/delete bearer                 request to the MME (602); and         -   at the MME (602):             -   receiving (8838) the create/update/delete bearer request                 from the SGW (604) or the new SGW; and             -   sending (8840) a third create session request to the SGW                 (604), the new SGW, or a further new SGW, the third                 create session request comprising information that                 indicates the first PGW (614-1).     -   25. A method of operation of a Mobility and Management Entity,         MME, (602) for a cellular communications system (500), the         method comprising one or more of the following:         -   receiving (800) an attach request from a User Equipment, UE,             (512);         -   sending (802) a location update request to a Home Subscriber             Station, HSS, (606);         -   receiving (804) a location update acknowledgement from the             HSS (606);         -   sending (806) a Domain Name Server, DNS, query request to a             DNS (618), the DNS query comprising an Access Point Name,             APN, Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN;         -   receiving (808) a DNS query response from the DNS (618), the             DNS query response comprising information that indicates a             plurality of candidate Packet Gateways, PGWs, (614) that             satisfy the DNS query request;         -   selecting (810) the first PGW (614-1);         -   sending (812), to a Serving Gateway, SGW, (604), a first             create session request that comprises information that             indicates the first PGW (614-1);         -   receiving (818) a first create session response from the SGW             (604), the first create session response comprising one or             more alternate Internet Protocol, IP, addresses for one or             more other PGWs (614-2) in a same PGW set; and         -   sending (820) an attach accept to the UE (512).     -   26. The method of embodiment 25 further comprising:         -   determining (826) that the first PGW (614-1) has failed;         -   responsive to determining (826) that the first PGW (614-1)             has failed:             -   sending (8828) a second create session request to the                 SGW (604) or a new SGW, the second create session                 request comprising information that indicates the second                 PGW (614-2) (e.g., the IP address or F-TEID of the                 second PGW (614-2); and             -   receiving (8834) a second create session response from                 the SGW (604) or the new SGW.     -   27. The method of embodiment 26 wherein the SGW (602) to which         the second create session request is sent from the MME (602) is         the SGW (602) that received the first create session request,         and the SGW (602) keeps a same SGW-U tunnel over S1 and over         S5/S8.     -   28. The method of any of embodiments 26 to 28 wherein         determining (726) that the first PGW (614-1) has failed         comprises either or both of:         -   receiving (826) a restart notification from the SGW (602);         -   determining that the failure has occurred based on reception             of a GTPv2 cause #100 “Remote peer not responding” from the             SGW (602).     -   29. The method of any of embodiments 26 to 28 further         comprising:         -   receiving (8838) a create/update/delete bearer request from             the SGW (604) or the new SGW, the create/update/delete             bearer request comprising information that indicates that             the first PGW (614-1) desires to take over the session for             the wireless communication device (512); and         -   sending (8840) a third create session request to the SGW             (604), the new SGW, or a further new SGW, the third create             session request comprising information that indicates the             first PGW (614-1).     -   30. A network node (900) adapted to perform the method of any of         embodiments 25 to 29.

Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include Digital Signal Processor (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

While processes in the figures may show a particular order of operations performed by certain embodiments of the present disclosure, it should be understood that such order is exemplary (e.g., alternative embodiments may perform the operations in a different order, combine certain operations, overlap certain operations, etc.). 

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A method of operation of a cellular communications system, the method comprising: at a Mobility and Management Entity, MME: receiving an attach request from a User Equipment, UE; sending a location update request to a Home Subscriber Station, HSS; receiving a location update acknowledgement from the HSS; sending a Domain Name Server, DNS, query request to a DNS, the DNS query comprising an Access Point Name, APN, Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN; receiving a DNS query response from the DNS, the DNS query response comprising information that: identifies a plurality of candidate combined Session Management Function and Packet Gateway Control Plane, SMF/PGW-C, instances that satisfy the DNS query request; and identifies that at least two candidate combined SMF/PGW-C instances that belong to a same SMF/PGW-C set, the at least two combined SMF/PGW-C instances comprising a first combined SMF/PGW-C instance and a second combined SMF/PGW-C instance, where the SMF/PGW-C instances in the SMF/PGW-C set support the same services and the same Network Slice(s); selecting the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance; sending, to a Serving Gateway, SGW, a first create session request that comprises information that indicates the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance; receiving a first create session response from the SGW; sending an attach accept to the UE; determining that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance has failed; responsive to determining that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance has failed: sending a second create session request to the SGW or a new SGW, the second create session request comprising information that indicates the second combined SMF/PGW-C instance; and receiving a second create session response from the SGW or the new SGW; and at the SGW or the new SGW: receiving the first create session request from the MME; forwarding the first create session request to the first PGW; receiving the first create session response from the first PGW; forwarding the first create session response to the MME; receiving the second create session request from the MME; sending a modify bearer request to the second combined SMF/PGW-C instance; receiving a modify bearer response from the second combined SMF/PGW-C instance; and sending the second create session response to the MME.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising, at the SGW: detecting that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance has failed; and sending a notification that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance has failed to the MME.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the SGW to which the second create session request is sent from the MME is the SGW that received the first create session request, and the SGW keeps a same SGW-U tunnel over S1 and over S5/S8.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein determining that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance has failed comprises either or both of: receiving a restart notification from the SGW; determining that the failure has occurred based on reception of a GTPv2 cause #100 “Remote peer not responding” from the SGW.
 22. The method of claim 18, further comprising: at the SGW or the new SGW: receiving a create/update/delete bearer request from the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance, the create/update/delete bearer request comprising information that indicates that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance desires to take over the session for the wireless communication device; and forwarding the create/update/delete bearer request to the MME; and at the MME: receiving the create/update/delete bearer request from the SGW or the new SGW; and sending a third create session request to the SGW, the new SGW, or a further new SGW, the third create session request comprising information that indicates the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance.
 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the DNS query request is of a type NAPTR, and the information comprised in DNS query response comprises NAPTR information that indicates the plurality of candidate combined SMF/PGW-C instances and the at least two candidate combined SMF/PGW-C instances that are in the same SMF/PGW-C set.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the NAPTR information comprises, for each of the at least two candidate PGWs that are in the same PGW set, a string appended to the “app-protocol” name, where the string indicates that the at least two candidate combined SMF/PGW-C instances are in the same SMF/PGW-C set.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein: the string comprises set<setId>, where the set<setId> is set to a first label of a NF set ID of the SMF/PGW-C set.
 26. A method of operation of a Mobility and Management Entity, MME, for a cellular communications system, the method comprising: receiving an attach request from a User Equipment, UE; sending a location update request to a Home Subscriber Station, HSS; receiving a location update acknowledgement from the HSS; sending a Domain Name Server, DNS, query request to a DNS, the DNS query comprising an Access Point Name, APN, Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN; receiving a DNS query response from the DNS, the DNS query response comprising information that: identifies a plurality of candidate combined Session Management Function and Packet Gateway Control Plane, SMF/PGW-C, instances that satisfy the DNS query request; and identifies at least two candidate combined SMF/PGW-C instances that belong to a same SMF/PGW-C set, the at least two combined SMF/PGW-C instances comprising a first combined SMF/PGW-C instance and a second combined SMF/PGW-C instance, where the SMF/PGW-C instances in the SMF/PGW-C set support the same services and the same Network Slice(s); selecting the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance; sending, to a Serving Gateway, SGW, a first create session request that comprises information that indicates the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance; receiving a first create session response from the SGW; sending an attach accept to the UE; determining that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance has failed; responsive to determining that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance has failed: sending a second create session request to the SGW or a new SGW, the second create session request comprising information that indicates the second combined SMF/PGW-C instance; and receiving a second create session response from the SGW or the new SGW.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the SGW to which the second create session request is sent from the MME is the SGW to which the first create session request is sent, and the SGW keeps a same SGW-U tunnel over S1 and over S5/S8.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein determining that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance has failed comprises either or both of: receiving a restart notification from the SGW; determining that the failure has occurred based on reception of a GTPv2 cause #100 “Remote peer not responding” from the SGW.
 29. The method of claim 26, further comprising: receiving a create/update/delete bearer request from the SGW or the new SGW, the create/update/delete bearer request comprising information that indicates that the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance desires to take over the session for the wireless communication device; and sending a third create session request to the SGW, the new SGW, or a further new SGW, the third create session request comprising information that indicates the first combined SMF/PGW-C instance.
 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the DNS query request is of a type NAPTR, and the information comprised in DNS query response comprises NAPTR information that indicates the plurality of candidate combined SMF/PGW-C instances and the at least two candidate combined SMF/PGW-C instances that are in the same SMF/PGW-C set.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the NAPTR information comprises, for each of the at least two candidate combined SMF/PGW-C instances that are in the same SMF/PGW-C set, a string appended to the “app-protocol” name, where the string indicates that the at least two candidate combined SMF/PGW-C instances are in the same SMF/PGW-C set.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein: the string comprises set<setId>, where the set<setId> is set to a first label of a NF set ID of the SMF/PGW-C set. 